Spirometry correlation with the severity of the picture by tomography of post COVID-19 patients hospitalized from June 2020 to June 2021 one year after their condition at the Hospital General Regional 1 Carlos Mac Gregor Sánchez Navarro

Abstract
The emergence of the SARS-COV-2 virus caused a high mortality rate worldwide and has resulted in alterations in the pulmonary function of post-COVID-19 patients in survivors. The most common pulmonary symptom reported after COVID-19 is dyspnea, which may persist in 22.9% to 53% of patients 2 months after symptom onset. In addition to subjective symptoms, SARS- CoV-2 infection can cause long-term objective changes in pulmonary physiology. Some studies over the three years have confirmed alterations at the pulmonary level, for example, a reduction in DLCO may still be present in 11-45% of COV-19 survivors at 12 months, or the prevalence of impaired diffusing capacity and decreased FEV1/FVC ratio, However, there are other studies that defend that there is no alteration at 12 months in the control spirometry, the number of studies is limited to other populations, so this study aims to make a tomographic evaluation and its comparative spirometric evolution at one year in the population studied and expand knowledge on the impact of alveolar physiology.

Keywords
Post-COVID-19 syndrome, spirometry in COVID-19 patients, restrictive pattern.

Cite this paper
Vázquez Pérez M, Torres San Miguel GP, Torres San Miguel CR, Sevilla González M L, Spirometry correlation with the severity of the picture by tomography of post COVID-19 patients hospitalized from June 2020 to June 2021 one year after their condition at the Hospital General Regional 1 Carlos Mac Gregor Sánchez Navarro , SCIREA Journal of Clinical Medicine. Volume 8, Issue 4, August 2023 | PP. 341-360. 10.54647/cm321145

References

[ 1 ]	Kory P, Kanne JP. SARS-CoV-2 organisative pneumonia: "has there been a widespread failure to identify and treat this prevalent condition in COVID-19?". BMJ Open Respir Res. 2020;7(1):e000724. DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000724
[ 2 ]	Visco V, Vitale C, Rispoli A, Izzo C, Virtuoso N, Ferruzzi GJ, et al. Post-COVID- 19 Syndrome: Involvement and Interactions between Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Nervous Systems. Journal of clinical medicine 2022 Jan 20;11(3):524.
[ 3 ]	Zarrelli R, Hernández M, Martínez A, Pérez M, Andonaegui L, Meléndez A, et al. Usefulness of chest tomography in the diagnosis of COVID-19. Venezuelan Journal of Infectology. Revista Venezolana de Infectología 2021;32(1):51-69.
[ 4 ]	Mathias Prokop, Wouter van Everdingen, Tjalco van Rees Vellinga, et al. CO-RADS: A Categorical CT Assessment Scheme for Patients Suspected of Having COVID-19-Definition and Evaluation radiology.rsna.orgnorteRadiology:Volume 296: Issue 2-August 2.
[ 5 ]	Aaron SD, Dales RE, Cardinal P. How accurate is spirometry in predicting restrictive lung impairment? Chest. 1999 Mar;115(3):869-73. doi: 10.1378/chest.115.3.869. PMID: 10084506.
[ 6 ]	Aggarwal AN, Agarwal R. The new ATS/ERS guidelines for assessing the spirometric severity of restrictive lung disease differ from previous standards. Respirology. 2007 Sep;12(5):759-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2007.01117.x. PMID: 17875068.
[ 7 ]	Ahmed H, Patel K, Greenwood DC, Halpin S, Lewthwaite P, Salawu A, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreaks after hospitalisation or ICU admission: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of rehabilitation medicine 2020 May 31;52(5): jrm00063.
[ 8 ]	Vasconcello-Castillo L, Torres-Castro R, Solis-Navarro L, Rivera-Lillo G, Puppo H. Functional and Respiratory Assessment in Post-COVID-19 Patients: What are the best tests? Kinesiologia 2020:109-115.
[ 9 ]	Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Gu X, et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. The Lancet (British edition) 2021 Jan 16;397(10270):220-232.
[ 10 ]	Huang Y, Tan C, Wu J, Chen M, Wang Z, Luo L, et al. Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on lung function in the early convalescent phase. Respiratory Research 2020 Jun 29;21(1):163.
[ 11 ]	Thomas M, Price OJ, Hull JH. Pulmonary function and COVID-19. Current opinion in physiology 2021 Jun; 21:29-35.
[ 12 ]	Zhao Y, Shang Y, Song W, Li Q, Xie H, Xu Q, et al. Followup study of the pulmonary function and related physiological characteristics of COVID-19 survivors three months after recovery. EClinicalMedicine. 2020 Jul 15;100463.
[ 13 ]	Tabernero Huguet E, Urrutia Gajarte A, Ruiz Iturriaga LA, Serrano Fernández L, Marina Malanda N, Iriberri Pascual M, et al. Pulmonary functional alteration in early follow-up of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Archives of bronchopneumology 2021 Jan; 57:75-76.
[ 14 ]	Mo X, Jian W, Su Z, Chen M, Peng H, Peng P, Lei C, Chen R, Zhong N, Li S. Abnormal pulmonary function in COVID-19 patients at time of hospital discharge. Eur Respir J. 2020 Jun 18;55(6):2001217. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01217-2020. PMID: 32381497; PMCID: PMC7236826.
[ 15 ]	Sibila Oriol,Albacar Nuria, Perea Lidia et al. Pulmonary function sequelae in patients with COVID-19 3 months after hospital discharge ArchBronconeumol.2021;57(S2):45-63 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2021.01.036.
[ 16 ]	Howarth T, Saad HB, Perez AJ, Atos CB, White E, Heraganahally SS. Comparison of carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) and total lung capacity (TLC) between Indigenous Australians and Caucasian Australian adults. PloS one 2021;16(4): e0248900.
[ 17 ]	Polese J, Sant'Ana L, Moulaz IR, Lara IC, Bernardi JM, Lima MDd, et al. Evaluation of pulmonary function after hospital discharge in patients with severe COVID-19. Clinicas (São Paulo, Brazil) 2021;76: e2848.
[ 18 ]	Sanchez C. Pulmonary function and frequency of post-COVID-19 syndrome in patients recovered from SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia using comprehensive telemedicine approach. 2021;13(3):105-156.
[ 19 ]	Fumagalli A, Misuraca C, Bianchi A, Borsa N, Limonta S, Maggiolini S, et al. Long-term changes in pulmonary function among patients surviving to COVID-19 pneumonia. Infection 2021 Oct 15
[ 20 ]	Thomas M, Price OJ, Hull JH. Pulmonary function and COVID-19. Current opinion in physiology 2021 Jun; 21:29-35.
[ 21 ]	Polese J, Sant'Ana L, Moulaz IR, Lara IC, Bernardi JM, Lima MDd, et al. Evaluation of pulmonary function after hospital discharge in patients with severe COVID-19. Clinicas (São Paulo, Brazil) 2021;76: e2848.
[ 22 ]	Magdy DM, Metwally A, Tawab DA, Hassan SA, Makboul M, Farghaly S. Long-term COVID-19 effects on pulmonary function, exercise capacity, and health status. Annals of Thoracic Medicine 2022;17(1):28.
[ 23 ]	Celik E, Nelles C, Kottlors J, Fervers P, Goertz L, Pinto Dos Santos D, et al. Quantitative determination of pulmonary emphysema in follow-up LD-CTs of patients with COVID-19 infection. PloS one 2022;17(2): e0263261.
[ 24 ]	Niyatiwatchanchai N, Athavudh Deesomchok, Warawut Chaiwong, Pilaiporn Duangjit, Chaicharn Pothirat. Comparative study of the early impact of post-COVID-19 pneumonia on clinical manifestations, pulmonary function and chest radiographs. 2022;58(2):216.
[ 25 ]	Ye L, Yao G, Lin S, Fang Y, Chen X, Wang L, et al. The Investigation of Pulmonary Function Changes of COVID-19 Patients in Three Months. Journal of healthcare engineering 2022 Jan 17,;2022:9028835.
[ 26 ]	Desai AD, Lavelle M, Boursiquot BC, Wan EY. Long-term complications of COVID-19. American Journal of Physiology: Cell Physiology 2022 Jan 1;322(1):C1- C11.