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Abstract:In the study of the general methodology of science and philosophy, we have discovered a common fundamental problem of the “paradox of the basic element” that creates inconsistencies in social and natural theory and general ontology and epistemology. Our study of the state interactions as a major international actor leads us
Abstract:This paper formalizes Aristotelian modal syllogism within the framework of knowledge mining and subsequently proves the validity of the Aristotelian modal syllogism ▢EAO-3 through the application of modal logic and generalized quantifier theory. Moreover, by means of the integration of specific rules and facts derived from
Abstract:This paper firstly proves that the syllogism EMO-4 is valid, and secondly indicates the validity of the other 14 syllogisms can be deduced from that of EMO-4 with the help of generalized quantifier theory, set theory, and first-order logic. And more valid generalized syllogisms can be deduced when one continues to infer. It
Abstract:This paper firstly provides knowledge representations of Aristotelian modal syllogisms from the perspective of mathematical structuralism, and proves the validity of Aristotelian modal syllogism E⼞I◇O-4, and then by making full use of relevant definitions, facts, and some inference rules, formally derive other 30 valid moda
Abstract:Due to the large number of generalized quantifiers in the English language, this paper only studies the fragment of generalized modal syllogistic that contains the quantifiers in Square{all} and Square{most}. On the basis of generalized quantifier theory, possible-world semantics, and set theory, this paper shows that there
Abstract:This paper firstly presents knowledge representations of Aristotelian modal syllogisms based on the structure of modal categorical propositions; Then, the validity of syllogism ⼞AA◇A-1 was proved by using the truth value definitions of these propositions. And then this syllogism was used for knowledge reasoning with the hel
Abstract:With the help of the definitions of the inner and outer negative Aristotelian quantifiers, the symmetry of Aristotelian quantifiers no and some, the anti-syllogism rules and the subsequent weakening rule, this paper illustrates the reducible relations between valid Aristotelian syllogisms of different figures and different
Abstract:There is the reducibility between the generalized modal syllogism ☐AM◊I-1 and the other 20 valid generalized modal syllogisms. This paper first proves the validity of the generalized modal syllogism based on the truth value definitions of sentences with quantification, set theory and modal logic, then derives the other 20 v
Abstract:Though grief and loss have been normalized in mental health discourse, a particular class ofbereavement remains as diagnosis- Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder. Discussion of thismore complex and enduring condition is undertaken in what follows. The dynamics of grief andloss are discussed through this diagnostic categ
Abstract:Empirical data in situ of recent years indicate that spacetime does not exist physically: they are not material - they do not have any of the characteristics inherent in material objects. At the same time, space-time is the most fundamental and universal mediator between all, without exception, material objects of Nature. I
